AI Winters

Addresses the periods of waning enthusiasm and funding in the field's history: their causes and manifestations, the reassessments that followed, and historians' debate over how to characterize them. Excludes the history of expert systems themselves, which belongs to 1.4, and the turn to statistical methods that followed, which belongs to 1.6.

• 1.4 Expert Systems
• 1.6 The Statistical Turn

• 1.1 Intellectual Roots and the Pre-Computer Era
• 1.2 Turing, Dartmouth and the Beginnings
• 1.3 Cybernetics and Symbolic AI
• 1.4 Expert Systems
• 1.6 The Statistical Turn
• 1.7 Deep Learning
• 1.8 Foundation and Generative Models
• 1.9 Agentic AI and World Models
• 1.10 Regional Histories and Competing Narratives