Sovereign and Localized Models

Models built or adapted for a particular state, language or culture: Arabic and regional models, localization criteria, and ownership of weights and local data. Excludes policies of sovereignty over compute and data, which belong to 7.8, low-resource languages and cultural representation as a task field, which belong to 4.11, and national case studies, which belong to 15.5.

• 4.11 Localization, Low-Resource Languages and Cultural Representation
• 7.8 Sovereignty over Compute and Data
• 15.5 National and Sovereign Case Studies

• 5.1 Foundation Models and General-Purpose AI
• 5.2 The Transformer and Beyond
• 5.3 Mamba, State-Space Models, MoE and Emerging Architectures
• 5.4 Pre-training and Scaling Laws
• 5.5 Fine-tuning, RLHF, DPO and ORPO
• 5.6 Context Protocols and Tool Use
• 5.7 Multi-Agent Orchestration
• 5.8 Open, Open-Weight and Closed Models
• 5.9 Natively Multimodal Models
• 5.10 Hallucination and Structural Reliability